The River Thames, a vital waterway in the UK, has been both a source of life and a potential threat to the city of London. Historically, the river has experienced significant flooding, particularly during heavy rainfall and storm surges. To combat this threat, the Thames Barrier, one of the most sophisticated flood defense systems in the world, was constructed nearly 50 years ago. This article explores the workings of the Thames Barrier and assesses its effectiveness in mitigating floods.

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London is susceptible to flooding from five primary sources: tidal, fluvial (from rivers and tributaries), surface (from rainfall), sewer, and groundwater flooding. A significant portion of the city is at risk of flooding, with the greatest risk occurring along the River Thames. Climate change is exacerbating this situation, leading to wetter winters and heavier rainfall that can elevate sea levels, thereby increasing both the risk and severity of major flash floods.

The Thames Barrier was constructed in the late 1970s in response to historical flooding events, particularly the catastrophic Great Flood of 1953. Located near Woolwich, the barrier consists of ten steel gates, each weighing over 3,000 tons. These massive structures can be raised to block tidal surges from the North Sea, thereby preventing the River Thames from overflowing into central London. The design reflects a synergy between engineering and environmental considerations, aiming to protect both human and ecological systems.

The operation of the Thames Barrier is overseen by the Environment Agency, which employs a sophisticated network of tide gauges and meteorological stations to monitor tidal conditions and weather patterns. This real-time data allows for timely activation of the gates, ensuring that they can be raised before a predicted surge. When the barrier is not in use, the gates rest in a horizontal position, allowing the river to flow naturally. This design minimizes disruptions to the river’s ecosystem, maintaining its role as a habitat for various species.

An essential aspect of the barrier’s operation is its dual focus on flood defense and ecological health. While the primary aim is to protect London from flooding, the design also ensures that water quality and biodiversity in the Thames are not compromised. By allowing the river to maintain its natural flow when the gates are down, the barrier supports the aquatic life that relies on the river for survival.

Effectiveness of the Thames Barrier in Flood Mitigation

Since becoming operational, the Thames Barrier has successfully prevented significant flooding events, safeguarding both urban and natural environments. It has been closed 221 times to date, demonstrating its effectiveness in protecting millions of residents and vital infrastructure. During severe storms, such as those in 1989 and 2013, the barrier’s timely activation prevented catastrophic flooding, thereby preserving not only human life and property but also protecting the surrounding ecosystems from the stress of inundation.

However, the effectiveness of the Thames Barrier faces growing challenges due to climate change. 

Sea levels are projected to rise by up to one meter globally by 2100, prompting the Environment Agency to accelerate plans to raise tidal defenses upstream of the Thames Barrier by 2050 – 15 years earlier than expected – due to increased flooding risks.

The barrier was designed to handle conditions anticipated until around 2030, but projections indicate that by 2040, it may no longer sufficiently protect London from flooding due to rising sea levels and an increased frequency of severe weather events. This potential inadequacy raises critical environmental concerns, as flooding can lead to habitat destruction, water quality degradation, and increased pollution in the river.

Moreover, while the Thames Barrier is effective against tidal surges, it does not address the risk of inland flooding from heavy rainfall. As urbanization continues, the change in land use can exacerbate runoff, leading to increased flooding risks in non-tidal areas. This situation necessitates a comprehensive approach to flood management that includes both the barrier and additional sustainable practices to mitigate environmental impacts.

Future Challenges and Environmental Adaptations

The challenges posed by climate change and urban development call for innovative adaptations to the flood defense strategy surrounding the Thames Barrier. 

The Thames Estuary 2100 Plan represents a proactive approach to manage future flood risks while considering environmental sustainability. This long-term strategy outlines measures to adapt to climate change impacts, including the construction of new flood defenses and enhancing existing infrastructure.

One key aspect of this plan is the integration of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) into urban development along the Thames. This includes investing in more permeable pavements and road surfaces, as well as increasing the number of parks and green roofs on buildings. 

These systems are designed to mimic natural drainage processes, reducing surface runoff and promoting groundwater recharge. By implementing SUDS, urban areas can mitigate the risk of inland flooding while enhancing water quality and supporting local ecosystems. This approach not only reduces pressure on the Thames Barrier but also contributes to the overall health of the river and its surrounding environment.

Another critical consideration is the importance of public engagement in flood risk management. Raising awareness about the environmental impacts of flooding and the necessity of sustainable practices can empower communities to take proactive measures. Initiatives that promote environmental stewardship, such as community workshops focused on flood preparedness and biodiversity conservation, can play a vital role in enhancing resilience.

Finally, ongoing research into the ecological impacts of the Thames Barrier is essential. While the barrier has successfully prevented flooding, it is crucial to continuously monitor its effects on water quality, sediment transport, and aquatic life in the Thames. This research can inform future adaptations and improvements, ensuring that the barrier remains effective while supporting the river’s ecosystem.

The post Mitigating Floods: How Does London’s Thames Barrier Work and Is it Effective? appeared first on Earth.Org.

Pesticides, widely used in agriculture and gardening, are substances designed to prevent, destroy, or control pests that threaten crops and human health. Despite contributing to enhance food production and reduce the economic impact of pest-related losses, their widespread use raises significant concerns. This article explores the various problems associated with pesticides, including environmental impacts, human health risks, and the broader ecological consequences.

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Pesticides can have profound negative effects on the environment, particularly on biodiversity. When applied to agricultural fields, these chemicals often run off into nearby water bodies, leading to contamination of rivers, lakes, and oceans. These runoffs can disrupt aquatic ecosystems, leading to phenomena such as algal blooms that deplete oxygen levels, causing fish kills and harming aquatic life. Additionally, the bioaccumulation of pesticides in the food chain poses a risk to higher trophic levels, including birds and mammals that rely on aquatic organisms for food.

An UN Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food highlights that our pesticide-heavy agricultural practices significantly contribute to biodiversity loss. Pesticides can linger in the environment for decades, threatening the ecological systems vital for food production. Their excessive use contaminates soil and water, diminishing beneficial insect populations that control pests and lowering the nutritional quality of food. 

The impact on terrestrial ecosystems is equally concerning. Pesticides can kill not only targeted pests but also beneficial insects such as pollinators like bees and butterflies, and natural pest predators like ladybugs. The decline of these crucial species can lead to reduced pollination, which is vital for many crops and wild plants, resulting in lower yields and compromised food security. This loss of biodiversity can weaken the resilience of ecosystems, making them less able to cope with environmental changes and more susceptible to diseases and pests.

Long-term use of pesticide can lead to shifts in species composition and dominance in ecosystems as resistant pest species proliferate while their natural enemies are diminished. This can create an ecological imbalance, leading to a cascade of adverse effects on ecosystem health and stability.

Impacts on Human Health 

The health risks associated with pesticide exposure are significant and multifaceted. Although pesticides are intended to target pests, improper or excessive use can negatively affect human health. Prolonged or high-level exposure to specific pesticides has been linked to health issues.

While no one is protected against pesticide exposure and the health effects, a disproportionate burden is felt by people of developing countries. 

The high risk groups exposed to such chemicals include agricultural workers, who are often exposed to pesticides directly, face acute and chronic health issues. Production workers, formulators, sprayers, mixers and loaders are also at risk.

Certain environmental chemicals, particularly pesticides known as endocrine disruptors, can negatively impact health by mimicking or blocking natural hormones in the body. Short-term exposure can lead to symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, skin rashes, nausea, and eye irritation. Research suggests that long-term exposure leads to severe health conditions including respiratory disorders (like asthma), reproductive issues (such as infertility and developmental problems in children), and certain types of cancer (including leukemia and lymphoma). Moreover, the psychological stress associated with pesticide exposure in farming communities is an often-overlooked aspect. Farmers and their families may experience anxiety over health risks, leading to mental health issues and impacting their quality of life.

Consumers are also at risk due to pesticide residues that can remain on fruits and vegetables, even after washing and peeling. Consumer Reports suggests that pesticides presented significant risks in 20% of the foods examined, including bell peppers, blueberries, green beans, potatoes, and strawberries. The cumulative effect of pesticide exposure raises significant concerns about food safety and public health, necessitating stricter regulations and monitoring of pesticide use.

Chronic diseases caused due to pesticide poisoning amount to 1 million annually. 

Long-Term Environmental Impacts

Although pesticides can enhance agricultural productivity in the short term, their long-term effects can undermine the sustainability of farming practices. 

Over-reliance on chemical pesticides can lead to the development of resistant pest populations. As pests evolve resistance, farmers may need to apply increasingly toxic chemicals or higher doses, creating a vicious cycle that exacerbates the problem. This can lead to a scenario where the effectiveness of pesticides diminishes, prompting farmers to seek even more harmful alternatives.

Additionally, the impact on soil health is a critical concern. Pesticides can disrupt the delicate balance of soil microorganisms that are essential for nutrient cycling and maintaining soil fertility. Healthy soil is vital for sustainable agriculture; its degradation can lead to decreased crop yields over time, requiring farmers to use more fertilizers and chemicals to compensate for lost productivity. This not only increases costs for farmers but also contributes to further environmental degradation through nutrient runoff and soil erosion. Smallholder farmers may face increased costs due to the need for more inputs, and the economic burden can lead to a cycle of debt and poverty, particularly in developing countries where access to alternative pest management strategies is limited.
The environmental impact, human health risks, and agricultural sustainability issues associated with pesticide use highlight the need for a re-evaluation of pest management practices. Exploring alternative methods, such as integrated pest management (IPM), organic farming, and biological controls can help mitigate these problems while ensuring food security and protecting both human and environmental health.

The post The Environmental and Health Impacts of Pesticides appeared first on Earth.Org.

As we bid farewell to 2024, Earth.Org takes a look back at the most significant climate news and events that shaped the year. From alarming environmental reports to key climate summits, join us as we recap the top climate headlines that made waves in 2024.

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1. 2024 ‘Virtually Certain’ to Be Hottest in History, Marking ‘New Milestone’ in Temperature Records

2024 is now “virtually certain” to become the hottest year ever recorded, beating 2023. It comes after several months of record-breaking temperatures, the hottest summer on record, and two back-to-back days of record-breaking daily global average temperatures.

This alarming trend is attributed to human-induced climate change, compounded by natural phenomena such as El Niño.

It is also the first year with temperatures expected to exceed 1.5C above pre-industrial levels, a critical temperature limit established in the Paris Agreement. 

Recent data from the European Union’s Copernicus Climate Change Service indicates that global temperatures have consistently breached this threshold, marking a significant milestone in temperature records. 

Researchers at World Weather Attribution (WWA) and Climate Central found that the average person experienced 41 additional days of dangerous heat fuelled by human-made climate change this year.

The burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for electricity and heat is the single-largest source of global greenhouse gas emissions. These are the primary drivers of global warming as they trap heat in the atmosphere, raising Earth’s surface temperature. 

Global fossil fuel consumption has more than doubled in the last 50 years, as countries around the world aim to improve their standards of living and economic output.

In 2023, atmospheric concentrations of all three of the most potent greenhouse gases – carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide – reached record highs. Because of their extremely long durability in the atmosphere, the world is now “committed to rising temperatures for many, many years to come,” said Ko Barret, Deputy Secretary-General of the World Meteorological Organization.

Rising temperatures contribute to more frequent and severe weather events, including heatwaves and tropical cyclones, alongside melting ice caps and rising sea levels. These changes threaten ecosystems and biodiversity, as well as food and water security, human health, and economic stability.

Read the full story.

2. COP29 Negotiators Finalize $300 Billion Climate Finance Agreement Amidst Criticism from Developing Nations

At the 29th UN climate summit (COP29) held last month in Baku, Azerbaijan, negotiators reached a controversial agreement to provide at least $300 billion annually in climate finance for developing countries by 2035. 

This pledge was intended to address the urgent needs of nations disproportionately affected by climate change. However, many developing nations expressed outrage, deeming the amount “insultingly low” and insisting on “trillions, not billions” to effectively combat the climate crisis.

The agreement, which replaces a previous commitment to mobilize $100 billion per year, is indeed far less compared to what economists think is actually  needed  to tackle climate change: some $1.3 trillion annually. 

Indian negotiator Chandni Raina described the proposal as “abysmally poor,” stating it would not enable the necessary climate action for survival. Similarly, the chairman of the group representing least-developed countries, Cedric Schuster, lamented that their voices had not been adequately heard during the negotiations.

Despite assurances from negotiators that the new finance goal serves as an “insurance policy” for humanity in the face of worsening climate impacts, critics argue that it lacks the necessary ambition and urgency. Many developing countries are already burdened with existing debts from prior development assistance, making them wary of additional loans.

Moreover, the agreement includes provisions that “encourage” countries like China – the world’s biggest polluter – to contribute voluntarily. The move has raised concerns about fairness and accountability in climate financing. 

Read the full story.

3. Historic Global Growth of Renewables Set to Outpace Countries’ 2030 Targets But Fall Short of COP28 Tripling Goal, IEA Says

The world is on track to add over 5,500 gigawatts of renewable energy capacity by 2030, exceeding national targets set by various governments. However, this growth is still expected to fall short of the COP28 goal to triple global renewable capacity within the same period.

China is anticipated to lead this renewable expansion, contributing about 60% of the total growth, while the European Union, the US, and India are set to more than double their renewable capacities. 

Currently, renewable energy accounts for just over 30% of global electricity generation.

The increase in renewable capacity is largely driven by rising demand from the private sector and households, bolstered by supportive energy policies in nearly 140 countries. 

Despite this positive trend, the International Energy Agency (IEA) cautions that fully meeting the tripling target remains achievable if governments take decisive actions, including enhancing international cooperation and implementing stronger energy policies in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). 

Solar and wind energy are projected to represent approximately 95% of the expected growth, with significant contributions from both large-scale and distributed renewable energy technologies. However, the report notes that hydrogen’s contribution to this expansion remains minimal. 

The IEA has urged countries to halt new gas and oil field projects, arguing that this is the only way to keep the 1.5C-compatible net-zero emissions scenario alive.

Read the full story.

4. Disappointment Over COP16 Finance Deal Amid Breakthroughs in Indigenous Inclusion and Genetic Data

The COP16 biodiversity summit in Cali, Colombia, concluded on November 1 without an agreement on crucial climate finance, despite notable advancements in Indigenous representation and genetic data management. 

Attended by around 15,000 participants, including heads of state and ministers, the summit aimed to progress on commitments made under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.

Delegates successfully established a global fund for equitable sharing of benefits from digital genetic resources and created a subsidiary body to include Indigenous Peoples in decision-making processes. But key issues like resource mobilization and monitoring progress on the 30X30 target – a commitment to protect 30% of the Earth’s lands and waters by 2030 – remained unaddressed. 

Criticism arose regarding the scheduling of critical discussions at the summit’s conclusion, leaving many representatives, particularly from Pacific Island nations, unable to participate in crucial negotiations.

Key figures, including Brazilian negotiator Maria Angelica Ikeda, expressed frustration over the lack of legitimacy in discussing financial mechanisms at the last minute. 

The failure to adopt a resource mobilization strategy highlighted the urgent need for increased financial commitment, especially as countries had previously pledged to raise $200 billion annually for biodiversity by 2030.

As global biodiversity continues to decline, with reports indicating a 73% loss in key species since 1970, the summit underscored the pressing need for decisive action and collaboration among nations to fulfill their commitments and protect the planet’s natural resources.

Read the full story.

5. Ocean Warming Intensified Wind Speed for All Atlantic Hurricanes in 2024

Ocean warming fuelled by human-made climate change has intensified all hurricanes in the Atlantic in 2024, researchers recently confirmed.

Higher-than-usual ocean temperatures have contributed to significant increases in the intensity of eleven storms recorded between June and November, enhancing their wind speeds by 9 to 28 mph (14.5 to 45 km/h). As a result, seven hurricanes reached a higher category on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, while two tropical storms – Debby and Oscar – strengthened into hurricanes. 

Researchers also found that nearly 80% of Atlantic hurricanes from 2019 to 2023 were intensified by ocean warming.

Over most of the global oceans, the first ten months of 2024 saw record-warm sea surface temperatures, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

 A warmer atmosphere, attributed to fossil fuel emissions, can hold significantly more moisture – approximately 7% more for every 1C increase in temperature – leading to more severe rainfall and flooding.

Read the full story.

6. Negotiators Fail to Agree on Global Plastic Treaty at INC-5, Talks Postponed to Next Year

At the recent Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC-5) meeting in Busan, South Korea, more than 3,300 delegates from over 170 nations came together to finalize a legally binding treaty aimed at curbing plastic pollution. However, disagreements on key issues, including the treaty’s scope and production caps, led to the postponement of negotiations until next year.

Despite Panama’s proposal to establish global production reduction targets, resistance from major oil-producing nations, particularly Russia and Saudi Arabia, hindered progress. 

The failure to reach an agreement at INC-5 represents a significant setback in the fight against plastic pollution, with increasing calls for immediate action from environmental advocates. 

With over 8 million tons of plastic waste ending up in the oceans every year, a global treaty is seen as vital for managing plastic production, enhancing recycling, and promoting sustainable alternatives, ultimately protecting ecosystems and human health.

The urgency for a global treaty is also underscored by the fact that only 9% of plastics are recycled, with the rest ending up in landfills or the environment. Additionally, plastic production contributes 3.4% of global greenhouse gas emissions, comparable to the entire aviation industry.

Read the full story.

7. World on Track for 3.1C Warming, UN Report Warns

A United Nations report published in October revealed that current global commitments are set to increase temperatures by 2.6C to 3.1C by the end of the century, significantly exceeding the Paris Agreement’s target of limiting warming to 1.5C. 

To align with this goal, nations must collectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 42% by 2030 and 57% by 2035. 

The report emphasizes the urgent need for ambitious action, particularly from G20 countries, which account for 77% of global emissions and are currently falling short of their national climate pledges.

Every year between 2000-2019, approximately 489,000 people died from extreme heat around the world. 45% of these casualties happened in Asia, the world’s most disaster-hit region from weather and climate hazards; 36% were in Europe, the world’s fastest-warming continent. Here, heat-related mortality has already increased by around 30% in the past two decades, coinciding with a rise in the average temperature.

The study highlighted a dramatic rise in heat-related deaths in Europe, which could potentially triple to approximately 128,809 by 2100, compared to around 44,000 reported between 1991 and 2020. This alarming projection underscores the need for substantial adaptation measures, especially in vulnerable regions like southern Europe. 

Countries such as Italy, Germany, and Spain are projected to see the most significant increases in heat-related deaths. In Italy, fatalities could potentially rise from 10,433 to around 28,285 by the century’s end. Demographic factors, including age, gender, and socioeconomic status, will also influence vulnerability, particularly in urban areas affected by the urban heat island effect.

Read the full story.

8. Mount Fuji Snowless in October For First Time in Over 130 Years After Japan’s Hottest Summer on Record

For the first time in over 130 years, Japan’s iconic peak has remained snowless into late October.

Mount Fuji typically sees its first snowfall around October 2, but meteorologists attribute the absence of snow to exceptionally warm conditions, which have persisted into September. Yutaka Katsuta from the Kofu Local Meteorological Office explained that this unusual weather pattern has deterred the arrival of colder air needed for snowfall.

This summer, the hottest on record globally, was also Japan’s warmest since record-keeping began in 1898, matching the high set in 2023. Temperatures between June and August were 1.76C (3.1F) higher than the average and have remained unusually high in September, deterring cold air, said Katsuta.

Read the full story.

9. Global Coral Bleaching Event Now Largest on Record

The ongoing, fourth global coral bleaching event is now officially the largest on record, affecting over 74 countries and 77% of the world’s coral reefs. 

This unprecedented situation is primarily driven by rising ocean temperatures, which have reached levels that induce stress on coral ecosystems.

Coral bleaching occurs when elevated water temperatures cause corals to expel the algae (zooxanthellae) that live symbiotically within their tissues. This loss not only strips the corals of their vibrant colors but also compromises their health, making them more susceptible to diseases. While bleaching itself does not directly result in coral death, the increased frequency and severity of these heat stress events can lead to significant mortality if conditions do not improve.

NOAA officials noted in October that the current event has surpassed previous records by over 11% and is still expanding in scope. The bleaching is widespread across all regions where warm-water corals are found, including the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. This situation poses dire consequences for marine biodiversity, as coral reefs support approximately 25% of all marine species and provide essential ecosystem services valued at up to $9.9 trillion annually.

Reefs are disappearing at an alarming pace. According to the most recent report by the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN), the world has lost approximately 14% of corals since 2009. Australia’s Great Barrier Reef – the world’s largest coral reef system – serves as a poignant example, having experienced six mass bleaching events since 1998. These events have had catastrophic effects on coral populations, with the 2016 and 2017 bleaching episodes alone resulting in the loss of 50% of its corals.

Aside from Australia, coral death has been particularly pronounced in regions such as South Asia, the Pacific, East Asia, the Western Indian Ocean, The Gulf, and Gulf of Oman.

Read the full story.

10. One in Five Migratory Species Threatened With Extinction

A report published in February by the United Nations Convention on Migratory Species has revealed that approximately 22% of migratory species are at risk of extinction, highlighting the urgent need for conservation efforts. The first-of-its-kind analysis assessed 1,189 migratory species and found that nearly half are experiencing population declines.

Fish populations are particularly affected, with a staggering 97% of species listed on the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) classified as threatened. 

The report also examined over 3,000 additional migratory species not officially listed, indicating they are not included in recognized conservation lists or classifications maintained by the CMS or other international conservation organizations. Among these, 399 species were identified as threatened or near threatened, including various birds and fish. 

Migratory species play essential roles in ecosystems, contributing to pollination, nutrient cycling, and food sources for other wildlife. However, they face increasing pressures from habitat degradation, climate change, pollution, and invasive species.

Inger Andersen, Executive Director of the UN Environment Programme, emphasized the critical situation facing these species and called for immediate action to address the threats they encounter. The report recommends strategies to mitigate illegal capture, reduce bycatch, and protect vital habitats. 

These efforts align with the global commitments outlined in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, which aims to halt biodiversity loss and conserve at least 30% of terrestrial and marine areas by 2030. Without swift action, the future of migratory species – and the ecosystems they support – remains precarious.

Read the full story.

The post Year in Review: The Biggest Climate Headlines of 2024 appeared first on Earth.Org.

As 2024 comes to an end, Earth.Org highlights the most inspiring climate stories and events that emerged throughout the year. From groundbreaking initiatives in agriculture to landmark court victories, this year showcased the resilience and creativity of communities around the globe. Join us as we celebrate the top climate headlines that not only raised awareness but also ignited hope and action in the fight against climate change.

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1. Threatened Small Island States Hail ‘Historic’ Ocean Court Victory

In a groundbreaking court ruling, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) in May issued an advisory opinion declaring that countries must fulfill their obligations to prevent, reduce, and control marine pollution caused by greenhouse gas emissions. 

The opinion, sought by the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law (COSIS) on behalf of nine island nations, clarifies the legal responsibilities of the 169 signatories of the 1994 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).

The ruling emphasizes that major polluters must take necessary measures to safeguard the marine environment, marking a historic precedent for future climate-related legal cases. Small island states, which contribute minimally to global emissions, face dire consequences from climate change, including coastal erosion, flooding, and saline intrusion, threatening their very existence.

COSIS representative Catherine Amirfar stressed that the decision highlights the importance of scientific evidence in shaping international law to combat climate change and the ocean’s role as a carbon sink. “The Tribunal’s decision today makes clear for the first time that it is the best available science – and not political considerations – that plays a ‘crucial role’ in determining what steps are required under international law to combat climate change,” she said. 

“It is a reminder that the ocean is the biggest carbon sink, absorbing 93% of excess heat, and that ongoing inaction will result in a collapse of the global climate system with dire consequences.”

Read the full story.

2. Historic Global Growth of Renewables Set to Outpace Countries’ 2030 Targets, IEA Says

The world is on track to add over 5,500 gigawatts of renewable energy capacity by 2030, exceeding national targets set by various governments. However, the growth is still expected to fall short of the COP28 goal to triple global renewable capacity within the same period.

China is anticipated to lead this renewable expansion, contributing about 60% of the total growth, while the European Union, the US, and India are set to more than double their renewable capacities. 

Currently, renewable energy accounts for just over 30% of global electricity generation.

The increase in renewable capacity is largely driven by rising demand from the private sector and households, bolstered by supportive energy policies in nearly 140 countries. 

Despite this positive trend, the International Energy Agency (IEA) cautions that fully meeting the tripling target remains achievable if governments take decisive actions, including enhancing international cooperation and implementing stronger energy policies in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). 

Solar and wind energy are projected to represent approximately 95% of the expected growth, with significant contributions from both large-scale and distributed renewable energy technologies. However, the report notes that hydrogen’s contribution to this expansion remains minimal. 

The IEA has urged countries to halt new gas and oil field projects, arguing that this is the only way to keep the 1.5C-compatible net-zero emissions scenario alive.

Read the full story.

3. South Korean Youth Achieve Historic Climate Victory, Setting Important  Precedent For Climate Litigation in Asia

In a groundbreaking decision, South Korea’s Constitutional Court in August ruled that the government’s climate targets are unconstitutional, marking a significant milestone in climate litigation across Asia. 

The lawsuit was initiated by the youth-led group – Youth 4 Climate Action – which argued that the government’s lack of legally binding greenhouse gas reduction targets from 2031 to 2049 violates citizens’ rights.

You might also like: Meet the Young Climate Activists Spearheading Climate Action in Asia

The court determined that the current measures to combat climate change are inadequate to protect the rights of future generations, which are enshrined in the South Korean constitution. While the court upheld the government’s near-term goal of reducing emissions by 40% from 2018 levels by 2030, it highlighted the responsibility of legislators to create concrete long-term plans.

Consequently, it ordered the government to establish firm carbon-reduction targets by February 2026, emphasizing the necessity for comprehensive climate action. 

This victory is particularly significant as it represents Asia’s first ruling of its kind, setting an important precedent for similar cases throughout the region. It comes amidst a growing global movement for climate justice, with young activists increasingly demanding accountability from governments.

Following the verdict, activists expressed their joy and determination, viewing the decision as a catalyst for further climate action and advocacy. 

Read the full story.

4. California Sues ExxonMobil Over ‘Decades-Long’ Deceiving Plastic Recyclability Campaign

In a landmark move against environmental deception, in September California filed a lawsuit against ExxonMobil, accusing the fossil fuel giant of misleading the public about the recyclability of its plastic products for decades. 

California Attorney General Rob Bonta claims that ExxonMobil’s campaigns have significantly contributed to the ongoing plastic pollution crisis. The lawsuit highlights how the company used deceptive marketing tactics to promote the idea that plastic recycling could effectively address waste issues, despite knowing that the majority of its products are not recyclable.

Filed in the San Francisco County Superior Court, the lawsuit seeks accountability for ExxonMobil’s role as a leading producer of polymers used in single-use plastics. The state argues that ExxonMobil misled consumers with claims about recycling, using the recycling symbol to falsely suggest that nearly all its plastic products could be recycled. In reality, only about 5% of US plastic waste is recycled.

The lawsuit represents a significant step in holding corporations accountable for their environmental impact and sets a precedent for future climate litigation. As the fight against plastic pollution intensifies, Californians hope that this legal action will spur broader systemic changes and encourage more responsible practices within the plastic industry.

Read the full story.

5. Research in Reducing Ozone-Depleting Substances Suggests Positive Trend for Climate Change Mitigation and Ozone Recovery

Research published in June highlighted significant progress in the global effort to recover the ozone layer and mitigate climate change. 

The study, which appeared in Nature Climate Change, revealed that emissions of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), potent ozone-depleting substances, peaked in 2021, five years earlier than previously anticipated, and have started to decline, suggesting a positive trend toward ozone recovery.

The positive trend is proof of the effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty established in 1987 to phase out substances harmful to the ozone layer. With the protocol’s success, the ozone layer is projected to return to its 1980 levels by 2040, contributing to an estimated 0.5C reduction in global warming.

“The Montreal Protocol and its subsequent amendments have been highly effective in curbing emissions of ozone-depleting substances, but there is still some variability in this process due to the natural variation of the other atmospheric variables at play,” said Laurence Rouil, Director of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). 

“Hopefully, we will see the first signs of recovery of the ozone hole in the coming decades.”⁠

Despite the progress, the research notes ongoing challenges, particularly emissions from HCFCs used in manufacturing processes that are not currently regulated under the protocol. To maintain momentum, policymakers must adapt regulations in response to new scientific findings. 

Read the full story.

6. The Hague Becomes First City in the World to Outlaw Fossil Fuel Advertising

In a historic move for climate action, the Dutch city of The Hague in September became the first in the world to outlaw fossil fuel advertising. 

This groundbreaking legislation, set to take effect on January 1, 2025, bans advertisements promoting fossil fuel products and high-carbon services such as air travel and cruise ships. The initiative is part of the city’s broader commitment to achieve climate neutrality by 2030.

Supporters of the ban, including Leonie Gerritsen from the Party for the Animals, argue that allowing fossil fuel advertising is incompatible with the city’s climate goals. They believe this legislation could serve as a catalyst for similar actions worldwide, encouraging other cities and governments to take decisive steps to reduce fossil fuel consumption.

Others noted that banning fossil fuel advertising can help normalize sustainable behavior and discourage reliance on polluting products, stressing that this legal move is one of the simplest and most effective actions governments can take in response to the climate crisis.

In June, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres urged advertising and PR agencies to stop promoting fossil fuels, linking the need for such restrictions to the successful bans on tobacco advertising. Guterres highlighted how the fossil fuel industry has engaged in greenwashing and misinformation campaigns, which have delayed meaningful climate action.

Indeed, fossil fuel giants have repeatedly used international events, social media platforms, and influencers to promote their planet-warming activities. 

The annual UN climate conference itself – also known as the Conference of the Parties (COP) – is notorious for allowing fossil fuel lobbyists to join the talks. A 2023 analysis by the Climate Action Against Disinformation (CAAD) found that major fossil fuel corporations pumped millions of dollars into digital advertising in the lead-up to COP28.

Read the full story.

7. Wind and Solar Overtake Planet-Warming Fossil Fuels in EU Electricity Generation For First Time

In a historic achievement for the European Union, wind and solar sources accounted for 30% of its electricity generation in the first half of 2024, surpassing fossil fuels, which contributed 27%. This marks the first time that renewables have overtaken fossil fuels in the bloc.

The rapid growth of wind and solar energy, alongside other low-carbon sources like hydropower and nuclear, has led to a remarkable 31% reduction in the bloc’s emissions compared to the same period in 2022.

Countries including Germany, Belgium, Hungary, and the Netherlands have successfully transitioned to renewable energy, showcasing a collective commitment to combating climate change. 

In January, the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air’s (CREA) found that carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the EU fell 8% last year. This represented a 60-year low and the second-steepest year-to-year decrease after 2020, a year heavily influenced by Covid-19 lockdowns and restrictions. 

Experts believe that maintaining this momentum in renewable energy deployment could lead to greater independence from fossil fuels and further reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. 

Read the full story.

8. Number of Climate Litigation Cases on the Rise as Governments and Companies Face Intensifying Scrutiny Over Inaction and Greenwashing

Climate litigation is on the rise globally, with over 2,660 cases filed since the Paris Agreement was signed in 2015. In 2023 alone, 233 new cases emerged across 55 countries, as individuals and organizations seek to hold governments and corporations accountable for climate change and greenwashing practices.

47 cases focused on “climate-washing,” where misleading claims obscure a company’s true environmental impact. 

The UK and the US lead in documented climate cases, with recent rulings emphasizing the importance of considering fossil fuel emissions in project approvals.

This growing trend illustrates the role of legal action in promoting environmental justice, with more than 70% of cases initiated by NGOs and individuals. Landmark cases, such as a recent one brought by a group of elderly Swiss women to the European Court of Human Rights, have set critical precedents, reinforcing states’ obligations to mitigate climate change. 

As climate litigation continues to evolve, it serves as a vital tool for accountability and policy reform in the face of the pressing climate crisis.

Read the full story.

The post Year in Review: 8 Hopeful Climate Stories of 2024 appeared first on Earth.Org.

As global temperatures rise and weather patterns become increasingly erratic, the agricultural sector faces profound challenges that ripple through the entire food supply chain, from production to transportation and storage.

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Climate change is not just an abstract concept; its effects manifest in tangible ways that directly impact agricultural productivity. Extreme weather events, such as droughts, floods and heat waves degrade soil health, disrupt planting schedules, and diminish crop yields. 

For example, recent devastating floods in Valencia, western Spain compromised orange crops and persimmon orchards, with damage estimates surpassing €1.089 billion  (US$1.152 billion). This deadly storm has left many farmers unable to access their fields, worsening the situation and jeopardizing future harvests. 

In Brazil, ongoing drought conditions affecting almost 60% of the country have caused coffee prices – particularly for arabica – to soar to a nearly 50-year high. The prolonged drought has not only decreased the quantity of coffee available but also compromised the quality of beans. 

Unfortunately, these fluctuations are not isolated; they create a domino effect, driving up prices globally. As highlighted by Heather Stewart, the economics editor of the Guardian, the rising cost of staple foods is not merely an inconvenience for consumers; it increases the vulnerability of developing countries, where food security is already precarious. 

Threats to Food Security

Climate change has caused an increase in desertification, particularly in places like Africa and Asia. Rapidly expanding population and rampant deforestation have also led to land degradation. This reduces soil productivity, leading to issues such as environmental hazards, food insecurity as well as loss of biodiversity. 

Rising temperatures are causing precipitation to fall as rain rather than snow, accelerating the melting of ice at mountain summits. Glaciers in Central Asia, for example, are unable to replenish ice. As a consequence, less meltwater will flow to nearby regions, causing water shortages that affect residents and the agricultural sector. 

The impact of extreme heat on food inflation is already evident, particularly in low-income countries that lack the resources to adapt. In Africa, inadequate harvesting and an increase in unproductive land are affecting the population of Engaruka and Tanzania by exacerbating food insecurity and economic hardship. As crop yields decline due to persistent drought and desertification, families struggle to meet their basic nutritional needs, leading to malnutrition and health problems, particularly among children and vulnerable groups. 

Additionally, the lack of productive land drives many farmers to migrate in search of better opportunities, while competition for limited resources can result in conflicts within communities. 

In Mauritania, a country in Northwest Africa, reduced rainfall has negatively impacted agricultural production, leaving many farmers struggling to grow sufficient food for their families and for sale.

More on the topic: Desertification: Causes, Effects, And Solutions

In a warming and increasingly globalized world, transport bottlenecks also emerge as a significant challenge as they disrupt the efficient movement of food products from farm to consumer.

These disruptions can lead to substantial delays in the delivery of perishable goods, such as fresh produce, which must be transported quickly to maintain quality. Even a few hours of delay can result in spoilage, leading to waste and reduced availability of food on the market. Additionally, when transportation routes are congested or inefficient, logistics costs rise due to detours, additional labor, and increased fuel expenses. 

For instance, a record drought that has been affecting southern parts of the US, Panama and other neighbouring regions has significantly impacted traffic in the Panama Canal, one of the largest waterways in the world and the main artery of global trade.

In November, authorities were forced to restrict ship crossings for many months to come in light of historic low water levels in the channel. Such disruptions increase costs, which are ultimately passed on to consumers, compounding the economic impact of climate change on food prices.

The food industry relies heavily on imports of raw materials like grains and oils, making it vulnerable to disruptions in the Red Sea. Escalating geopolitical tensions have increased shipping risks, leading to higher transportation costs and added insurance for Saudi factories. Delays in shipments can disrupt supply chains, causing shortages that impact production rates. If the crisis worsens, factories may need to seek more expensive and less efficient transport alternatives, harming their competitiveness both locally and globally.

These disruptions lead to increased costs in the food supply chain that are ultimately passed on to consumers, making food products more expensive and less accessible, particularly for low-income households. 

The economic loss caused by the disruption in the Red Sea and Panama Canal, two of the world’s largest shipping routes, is estimated at around US$1.25 trillion, according to an analysis by data and analytics company Russell. 

You might also like: What the Panama Canal Drought Tells Us About the Fragility of Global Trade

Ripple Effects 

The economic implications of climate-induced agricultural challenges extend beyond immediate price hikes. In the UK, the interplay of climate and economic factors is a growing concern in the country, particularly as food imports become increasingly costly due to climate impacts in producing regions.

As articulated in an analysis from the University of Salford, the reliance on imports for essential food items – such as the UK’s dependence on tomatoes from a few key countries – makes supply vulnerable to climate-induced crop failures. When adverse weather affects these regions, the reverberations are felt in grocery stores thousands of miles away.  

The UK imports about 50% of its food, with around 84% of its fruit coming from abroad. Severe weather phenomena, like droughts in Spain and Italy and recent flooding events in central Europe, have reduced crop yields, driving up import costs and domestic food prices.

Extreme weather and increasing energy prices have contributed to an average rise of £605 (€697) in UK household food bills since 2021. Of this increase, rising temperatures and their associated impacts – such as droughts, floods, and crop failures – accounted for 60%, or £351 (€404) per household.

The interconnected nature of supply chains means that a failing crop in one part of Europe can escalate pressures on import markets, further driving up prices for consumers. This situation is aggravated by rising costs associated with feed, fertilizer, and fuel, which farmers must pass along the supply chain. 

As Gordon Fletcher, the author of the aforementioned analysis, notes, the economic consequences of climate change are profound, creating a vicious cycle that affects both producers and consumers alike.

As for food produced domestically in the UK, the above average rainfall for most of 2023 and 2024 had a major impact on farming. According to data from the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, vegetable production in the UK fell by 4.9% in 2023 compared to the previous year.

Outlook

As agricultural challenges escalate, the need for resilient and adaptive agricultural practices grows critical to ensure food security and stabilize prices. Studies suggest that policymakers should invest in sustainable agricultural practices, enhance infrastructure, and strengthen resilience to climate-related shocks. This involves creating climate-resistant crop varieties and implementing effective water management strategies to protect food supplies. 

Engaging local communities in restoration efforts will foster sustainable solutions to food insecurity. By involving community members in agricultural practices and decision-making processes, we can leverage local knowledge and resources, ensuring that solutions are tailored to specific needs. This approach not only empowers individuals but also fosters collaboration among various stakeholders, leading to innovative strategies that enhance food security.

The journey of food from farm to table is increasingly fraught with challenges due to climate change. From direct impacts on agricultural productivity to broader economic consequences that affect supply chains and food prices, the stakes have never been higher. As governments grapple with the realities of a changing climate, they need to develop comprehensive strategies to ensure food security and economic stability has never been more critical.

The post From Farm to Table: The Economic Impact of Climate Change on the Food Chain appeared first on Earth.Org.

The REDD+ initiative was established to incentivize forest conservation and sustainable management in developing countries. It aims to combat climate change by providing financial resources for preserving forests, particularly tropical forests, thereby enhancing carbon sequestration. However, ongoing criticisms have exposed many issues of greenwashing, community displacement, and insufficient attention to the root causes of deforestation, raising important questions about the initiative’s effectiveness in achieving its goals.

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The REDD+ initiative, adopted in 2013 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), aimed to address the alarming rates of deforestation, which contribute approximately 20% of global carbon emissions. By promoting the reduction or cessation of deforestation, REDD+ presents a timely and cost-effective strategy for significantly lowering emissions while also offering substantial benefits for biodiversity and sustainable development in tropical countries. 

Proponents of REDD+ argue that it can lead to significant reductions in global carbon emissions while protecting biodiversity and supporting the livelihoods of Indigenous communities. By providing financial support for conservation efforts, the initiative holds the potential to unlock billions of dollars for sustainable forest management and empower local communities. However, as Professor of Environmental Earth System Science Gregory Asner notes, the primary obstacles to achieving accurate global emissions measurements arise from political, institutional, and budgetary issues rather than from scientific or technical constraints.

Despite its ambitious goals, many view REDD+ with skepticism, with doubts surrounding its effectiveness. 

This skepticism was reinforced by a study conducted by the UC Berkeley Carbon Trading Project and published last year, which found that approximately 25% of global carbon offset projects, including many REDD+ initiatives, are unsuitable for actual carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction. 

The Crisis of Carbon Offsetting 

Carbon offset programs enable individuals and organizations to invest in environmental initiatives globally to compensate for their own carbon emissions. These projects are typically located in developing countries and are primarily aimed at reducing future emissions. This may involve implementing clean energy technologies or buying and retiring carbon credits from emissions trading systems. 

However, many REDD+ projects have been accused of greenwashing, a deceiving practice companies recur to when making exaggerated claims about the environmental benefits of their products and services while failing to deliver meaningful outcomes and hiding their real environmental impact. Researchers have highlighted that the benefits often accrue to project developers and companies rather than the communities and ecosystems they are intended to protect. 

A nine-month investigation by the Guardian, Die Zeit and SourceMaterial in January 2023 revealed alarming discrepancies in the effectiveness of carbon offsetting, particularly within the context of REDD+. For instance, the report highlighted that more than 90% of rainforest carbon offsets certified by Verra, one of the largest certifiers in the market, are essentially worthless. These credits are often labeled as “phantom credits,” indicating that they do not correspond to real carbon reductions. This revelation poses serious questions for companies relying on these credits to claim carbon neutrality, as they may inadvertently contribute to global warming rather than mitigate it.

The investigation involved extensive analysis of scientific studies and interviews with various stakeholders, including Indigenous communities. A study from the University of Cambridge published a few months later found that the perceived threats to forests associated with Verra’s projects were exaggerated by approximately 400%. Notably, major companies such as Gucci, Salesforce, BHP, Shell, EasyJet, restaurant chain Leon, and even the rock band Pearl Jam have purchased rainforest offsets certified by Verra to bolster their environmental claims. 

A flagship project in Peru also raised serious human rights concerns, when residents reported being filmed as their homes were destroyed by park guards and police. These residents described experiences of forced evictions and escalating tensions with park authorities, highlighting the broader implications of such offsetting initiatives.

While REDD+ projects are intended to support vulnerable communities, the reality is often far from it. Some projects impose restrictions on local resource use, disproportionately affecting Indigenous and smallholder communities. In severe cases, these restrictions have led to displacement and dispossession.

REDD+ has been criticized for not adequately addressing the underlying drivers of deforestation, such as large-scale agriculture, logging, and mining. Without tackling these systemic issues, REDD+ risks becoming a superficial solution that fails to create lasting change. 

Addressing the Root Cause of Deforestation 

Despite efforts in offsetting carbon emissions, each year approximately 10 million hectares of trees are cut down to clear land for agriculture, livestock, and the production of materials like paper. This accounts for some 16% of total tree cover loss globally, with 96% occurring in tropical forests.

The aforementioned studies prove that REDD+ fails to adequately address the underlying drivers of deforestation, such as large-scale agriculture, logging, and mining, focusing instead on carbon credits and financial incentives without tackling the political and economic forces that lead to environmental degradation. 

The popularity of offsetting projects has surged, with many companies claiming reductions in their carbon footprints through these initiatives. The voluntary carbon-offset market is projected to expand from US$2 billion in 2021 to between $10 billion and $40 billion by 2030, involving transactions of 0.5 to 1.5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, compared to 500 million tonnes currently. By mid-century, its value could exceed $250 billion.

However, research has shown that the benefits of carbon credits are frequently overestimated. Speaking with the Guardian, Gilles Dufrasne, policy lead on global carbon markets for Carbon Market Watch, said biodiversity, climate, and local communities are not receiving the support they need. He argued that the current offsetting system is ineffective and needs reform, emphasizing that the focus should shift to directing funds to genuine conservation efforts rather than merely generating credits.

“Offsetting should be axed. It cannot work in its current form, and carbon markets must evolve into something different. The focus should be on getting money to the right place, rather than getting as many credits as possible,” he said.

Outlook

Many REDD+ projects lack robust monitoring and verification processes, leading to inflated success claims and undermining trust in the carbon credit system. While REDD+ has potential, its implementation leaves much to be desired. 

To effectively combat tropical deforestation, governments should focus on the primary driver of climate change – fossil fuel emissions – through enacting legislation to promote sustainable trade and reducing demand for deforestation-linked products. 

The European Union has already done so by banning imports from deforestation-risk areas and requires companies to prove their products do not contribute to deforestation.

You might also like: Explainer: All You Need to Know About the EU Deforestation Regulation 

Supporting forest management initiatives led by Indigenous communities is also crucial, given their deep knowledge of forest conservation. Additionally, adequate climate finance is necessary to help developing countries meet their commitments under the Paris Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity.
At the COP29 climate summit, the pressing need for stronger commitments to forest conservation was evident, but discussions fell short.

The newly established target of $300 billion annually by 2035 was deemed insufficient by many delegates, who highlighted that $1.3 trillion is needed each year for climate adaptation and mitigation in developing countries. Calls for prioritizing forest protection and Indigenous rights went largely unaddressed. For REDD+ to be effective, it must evolve into a comprehensive initiative that truly supports forest conservation and the rights of affected communities. Collective action and accountability are essential for meaningful progress in combating climate change and preserving forests.

The post Is the REDD+ Framework an Effective Conservation Tool or Mere Greenwashing? appeared first on Earth.Org.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites represent humanity’s shared cultural and natural treasures, recognized for their outstanding universal value. Unfortunately, many of these sites are threatened by climate change and human activity, with 56 now listed as World Heritage Sites at risk. 

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Established under the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1972, the World Heritage Convention aims to identify and protect sites that possess exceptional cultural or natural value. 

Today, there are over 1,100 UNESCO Heritage Sites across the globe, encompassing both cultural and natural categories. Cultural Heritage Sites include monuments, groups of buildings, and archaeological sites, such as the Pyramids of Giza in Egypt and the Great Wall of China. Natural Heritage Sites, on the other hand, are celebrated for their natural beauty and biodiversity, with examples like the Grand Canyon National Park in the US and the Great Barrier Reef in Australia.

For a site to be designated as a UNESCO Heritage Site, it must meet at least one of ten specific criteria. These criteria ensure that only the most significant sites receive this prestigious designation, highlighting their global importance. Sites may be recognized for their artistic genius, their testimony to cultural traditions, or their exceptional natural phenomena. The rigorous selection process emphasizes the necessity of preserving these sites for future generations while fostering a deeper understanding of our collective history.

UNESCO Heritage Sites serve several critical functions that extend beyond their immediate location. They are vital for preserving the cultural heritage of communities and nations, providing a tangible link to the past. These sites allow future generations to learn about their history, traditions, and the diverse narratives that shape our world. 

Additionally, natural Heritage Sites play a crucial role in preserving biodiversity, ecosystems, wildlife habitats, and endangered species. The designation often boosts tourism, drawing visitors from around the globe and generating significant economic benefits for local communities. This influx can lead to increased funding for conservation efforts, ensuring that these treasures are maintained for years to come.

Impact of Climate Change and Human Destruction

Despite their significance, UNESCO Heritage Sites face numerous challenges that threaten their integrity. 

Rising temperatures, sea-level rise, and extreme weather events affect many sites, particularly natural ones. 

The World Monument Fund (WMF) has identified that climate change is the predominant threat to sites in Sub-Saharan Africa, whereas urbanization and development pose the greatest risks to historical sites in Asia. The Great Barrier Reef, for example, is experiencing severe coral bleaching due to changing ocean conditions, which jeopardizes its biodiversity. 

In Europe and North America, insufficient funding is the primary challenge, while overtourism significantly impacts sites in Latin America and the Caribbean. Human activities, such as overtourism, urban development, and industrialization, further contribute to the degradation of these sites. Venice, famous for its historic architecture and iconic canals, is sinking due to both natural processes and human-induced factors, which threaten its cultural heritage. 

In the Middle East and North Africa, the main concerns are armed conflict and a lack of local resources. For instance, the ongoing crisis in Syria has led to significant damage to ancient sites like Palmyra, underscoring the vulnerability of cultural heritage in times of turmoil.

But what are the UNESCO Heritage Sites most at risk? Earth.Org takes a look.

1. Great Barrier Reef, Australia

The Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest coral reef system, spanning over 2,300 kilometers along the northeastern coast of Australia. It is renowned for its biodiversity, housing thousands of species of marine life. 

The reef is facing severe threats primarily due to climate change. Rising ocean temperatures have led to mass coral bleaching events, where corals expel the algae that provide them with nutrients and color. 

According to the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), approximately half of the reef’s coral cover has been lost since 1995, with recent bleaching events further exacerbated by extreme weather patterns linked to climate change. In October, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) confirmed that the current mass coral bleaching event affecting dozens of countries worldwide is now the largest event ever recorded.

Additionally, pollution from agricultural runoff and coastal development poses risks to the reef’s health.

More on the topic: 5 Coral Reefs That Are Currently Under Threat and Dying

2. The Galápagos Islands, Ecuador

The Galápagos Islands, famous for their unique ecosystems, are threatened by invasive species, overfishing, and climate change. Invasive species such as goats and rats disrupt local ecosystems by preying on native wildlife and competing for resources. 

For instance, the iconic Galápagos tortoise has faced significant population declines due to hunting, habitat destruction, and competition with invasive species like goats. As ecosystem engineers and large vertebrates, Galápagos tortoises play a crucial role in maintaining the health of the island’s ecosystems. Their sensitivity to environmental changes makes them valuable indicators of ecological disturbances. Conservation efforts are ongoing to protect and restore their populations.

A study published in 2021 by the Galápagos Conservancy highlights that these invasions have led to declines in native species populations. Furthermore, climate change is causing ocean acidification and rising sea levels, which threaten the delicate balance of the islands’ ecosystems.

3. Venice, Italy

Venice, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1987, is celebrated for its unique architecture and intricate canal system, yet it faces significant threats to its structural integrity and cultural heritage. 

Rising sea levels, exacerbated by climate change, have exacerbated flooding, causing extensive damage to buildings and infrastructure. In addition, the city is also sinking due to geological processes and groundwater extraction.

Overtourism adds another layer of pressure, with millions of visitors yearly contributing to wear and tear on historic sites and overcrowding. Pollution from boats and industrial activities threatens the marine ecosystem while large cruise ships raise concerns about environmental and structural impacts.

Initiatives such as the MOSE project, which features a sophisticated system of movable barriers designed to be raised during extreme tidal events to protect the Venetian Lagoon from flooding, are crucial for safeguarding the city. However, ongoing commitment is vital to ensure that this iconic site is preserved for future generations.

4. Ancient City of Aleppo, Syria

Political instability in regions experiencing conflict can also put heritage sites at risk. Many sites struggle with limited resources for maintenance and conservation, hindering efforts to protect these treasures from decay. 

The Ancient City of Aleppo is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, with a rich history reflected in its historic architecture, including the Citadel of Aleppo and the Great Mosque. However, the ongoing Syrian Civil War has resulted in extensive damage to the city’s cultural heritage. 

According to reports from the UNESCO World Heritage Centre, many historic buildings have been destroyed or severely damaged due to military actions, looting, and neglect. The lack of adequate resources for restoration and protection compounds the risk, with the site now listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in danger. 

Outlook

These are just some of the many sites that are at risk due to climate change and human activities. The threats they face are not just isolated challenges; they reflect broader patterns of environmental degradation and cultural loss that impact communities worldwide. 

As we continue to witness the accelerating impacts of climate change – such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and habitat destruction – it becomes increasingly clear that urgent action is necessary. 

Preserving these UNESCO Heritage Sites is crucial not only for protecting their inherent beauty and historical significance but also for maintaining the cultural narratives and biodiversity they represent. It requires a collective effort from governments and individuals to advocate for sustainable practices, invest in conservation, and promote awareness of the importance of these sites.

The post Heritage at Risk: 4 UNESCO Sites Under Threat appeared first on Earth.Org.

Millions of tons of plastic waste enter the environment each year, with impacts felt across oceans, waterways, and land. A Global Plastic Treaty can provide a coordinated international framework to tackle plastic production, use, and disposal, promoting sustainable practices and reducing waste at its source. By bringing together governments, this treaty can spur innovation in alternative materials, enhance recycling efforts, and establish legally binding commitments to reduce plastic pollution.

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Plastic pollution is one of the most pressing environmental issues of our lifetime. As production of disposable plastic continues to grow, it becomes increasingly difficult to manage it. 

Plastic pollution is prominent in many countries around the world, especially in places with inefficient waste collection systems. This also extends to developed countries with low recycling rates that do not adequately manage discarded plastics. 

It is estimated that over 8 million tons of plastic waste end up in the oceans each year. As most plastics do not break down, they are gradually accumulating in our oceans, where they can take centuries to decompose, without ever really disappearing. This poses significant threats to aquatic life, human health, and the marine ecosystem. Studies estimate that by 2050, there could be more plastic in the oceans than fish. The issue of plastic pollution has become so widespread that it has prompted the United Nations To campaign for a global plastic treaty. 

The History of Plastic 

The story of plastic began in the early 19th century with the invention of Parkesine, the first synthetic plastic, patented in 1862 by Alexander Parkes. This marked the beginning of a new era in material science, as the versatility and durability of plastics opened the door to countless applications. 

The 20th century saw a revolution in plastic production: the advent of entirely synthetic plastics. In 1907, Belgian chemist and marketeer Leo Baekeland pioneered the first fully synthetic plastic –  Bakelite – further solidifying plastic’s place in modern manufacturing. 

The real turning point came after World War II, when plastic production exploded. The war had accelerated advancements in polymer chemistry, leading to the mass production of plastics like polyethylene and polypropylene. By the 1960s, plastics began to dominate consumer goods, from packaging to household items. This rapid adoption was fueled by the material’s low cost and versatility.

However, the environmental implications of this boom were not immediately apparent. For decades, plastics were celebrated for their convenience and utility, while the long-term consequences of their production and disposal were largely ignored.

Plastic in Numbers

Despite increasing global efforts, only 9% of plastics are recycled. This low rate can be attributed to the complexities involved in recycling products made from various types of polymers, as well as insufficient infrastructure for waste management. 

Plastic, which is produced from fossil fuels, contributes 3.4% of global greenhouse gas emissions, comparable to the emissions of the entire aviation industry. Humans now generate 400 million tonnes of plastic waste every year, 60% of which end up in our natural environment.

According to the article published in March, 2023 by PLOS ONE, it is estimated that there are approximately 82 to 358 trillion plastic particles afloat in the world’s oceans, with a mean estimate of 171 trillion plastic particles recorded in 2019, with a mean weight of 2.3 million tons

More on the topic: 8 Shocking Plastic Pollution Statistics to Know About

The consequences of plastic pollution extend beyond marine environments; they threaten ecosystems, wildlife, and human health. Microplastics, tiny plastic particles resulting from the degradation of larger plastics, have been found in drinking water, seafood, and even the air we breathe. While it is still being investigated, some research indicates that these particles can lead to various health problems, such as endocrine disruption and potentially cancer.

The effects of plastic pollution on wildlife are particularly alarming. Marine animals such as sea turtles, dolphins, and seabirds often ingest plastic debris, mistaking it for food. In 2019, a turtle hatchling was found dead with 104 pieces of plastic in its stomach. According to the UN, more than 51 trillion microplastic particles have already littered the world’s seas, and it is predicted that 99% of marine species will consume microplastic by 2050 if nothing is done to slow down plastic pollution. 

Treaty Negotiations

Recognizing the urgent need for coordinated action, the UN has initiated efforts to develop a Global Plastic Treaty. The treaty aims to establish legally binding commitments among nations to reduce plastic production, enhance recycling efforts, and promote sustainable alternatives. 

António Guterres, the UN Secretary-General, highlighted that “plastic waste is now found in the most remote areas of the planet. It kills marine life and severely impacts communities that rely on fishing and tourism.” 

Voluntary corporate initiatives have proven insufficient as a global solution for the global plastic problem, and without stronger rules and harmonized regulations across the full plastic life cycle, real change will not be possible. 

In early 2022, the United Nations Environment Assembly adopted Resolution 5/14, agreeing to adopt a legally binding global plastics treaty by the end of 2024. 

Since then, four Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) sessions have been held, with the most recent – INC-4 – ending on April 29, 2024. While some progress was made in identifying critical products and chemicals of concern, the talks did not adequately address the need to reduce primary plastic production.

The influence of industry lobbyists has been a significant hurdle in the negotiations. At INC-4 in Ottawa, Canada, nearly 200 fossil fuel lobbyists were present, a 37% increase from the previous INC, raising concerns about the potential for corporate interests to undermine the treaty’s effectiveness.

On the last day of INC-4, 28 nations, including Australia, Nigeria, and the Philippines, launched the “Bridge to Busan: Declaration on Primary Plastic Polymers.” This declaration emphasizes that a global treaty focused on plastic pollution must address the issue of production. However, skepticism remains about the feasibility of achieving a signable treaty by the end of 2024, given the complexities of the negotiations.

Another critical aspect that appears to be lacking in the global plastics treaty discussions is the accountability of polluting companies for the waste they have generated. Studies of branded plastic pollution have shown that approximately 60 companies are responsible for over half of the world’s plastic pollution. For the sixth consecutive year, Coca-Cola has been recognized as the leading polluter in the global Brand Audit initiative, setting a new record with a total of 33,820 pieces of plastic waste—its highest tally since the project began. Along with requiring companies to reduce plastic production, it is also essential to ensure that polluting companies are responsible for funding the clean-up of the waste they have caused.

The world’s rivers, oceans, and seas have become both transportation routes and dumping grounds for plastic produced by human activities. This pollution incurs substantial costs, including restoration efforts, lost revenue from tourism, and the societal impacts of a degraded environment.

The need for a Global Plastic Treaty is more urgent than ever. As plastic pollution escalates, international cooperation is essential to create enforceable solutions. By establishing a treaty that emphasizes accountability and innovation, we can combat plastic pollution and foster a circular economy that minimizes waste and maximizes resource efficiency.

This treaty must involve all stakeholders – governments, businesses, and civil society – working together to develop and implement comprehensive strategies that address the entire lifecycle of plastic. Only through collective action can we ensure that future generations inherit a healthier planet, free from the burdens of plastic pollution.

The post Why the World Urgently Needs a Global Plastic Treaty appeared first on Earth.Org.

The UN Conference of the Parties, better known as COP, was established under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It serves as a pivotal platform for international climate negotiations, bringing together nations to address the pressing challenges posed by climate change. COP meetings, which take place annually, serve as a critical venue for countries to collaborate on strategies and agreements aimed at mitigating global warming and fostering sustainable development.

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Every year, nations that are part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) gather for the Conference of the Parties, better known as COP. The summit serves to evaluate their progress, negotiate collective strategies to combat climate change and foster international cooperation on climate issues. 198 Parties are currently part of the Convention – 197 states and the EU

The UNFCCC is a multilateral treaty established in 1992, following the release of the first assessment report, by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1990. This report provided a comprehensive evaluation of the scientific understanding of climate change at that time. IPCC reports are regarded as the most authoritative source of information on climate change science. 

Its primary goal is to stabilize atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations – the single-largest driver of climate change – at a level that prevents harmful, human-induced interference with the climate system.

Since entering into force in 1994, the UNFCCC and its annual gatherings have built the foundation for international climate negotiations, resulting in significant agreements such as the 1997 Kyoto Protocol and the 2015 Paris Agreement.

The hosting of COP meetings rotates among the five UN regional groups: Africa, Asia-Pacific, Eastern Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Western Europe and Others. According to the UN, members of these groups decide which country will host each conference.

The inaugural COP was held in Berlin, Germany, in 1995. This year’s summit, COP29, is set to take place in Baku, Azerbaijan, between November 11 and November 22.

You might also like: Explainer: What Is the UNFCCC?

Not Just Climate COPs

The term COP can also denote governance meetings of other treaty bodies. In addition to the UNFCCC COP29, two other significant environmental COPs were planned for 2024:

• The UN Convention on Biological Diversity, also known as COP16, which centers on nature and biodiversity, took place in October in Cali, Colombia.
• The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), set to take place in December in Saudi Arabia.

COP meetings have marked significant milestones in the climate movement by setting standards and promoting initiatives aimed at reducing carbon emissions, expediting the shift to renewable energy, and helping countries adapt to and enhance their resilience against climate-related challenges. These conferences play a crucial role in bringing governments together and uniting the private sector, industries, and individuals to address the climate crisis in all its aspects.

Structure of the COP 

COP meetings are vital for advancing global climate action under the UNFCCC. These meetings typically begin with plenary sessions, wherein representatives from nearly every country gather to discuss key issues, attend speeches and introduce major agenda items for negotiations.

To facilitate more focused discussions, the agenda is split across various negotiations groups that tackle specific topics such as mitigation, adaptation, finance and technology transfer. This structure allows for detailed dialogue and the development of proposals to be presented in plenary. 

Alongside such proceedings, dozens of side events are held organized by governments, NGOs and other stakeholders. These provide opportunities for networking, collaboration and showcasing innovative climate solutions. 

Many COP meetings include exhibitions and pavilions where countries and organizations showcase their climate initiatives and new technologies. At the end of each COP, the outcomes are compiled into a final document called the “COP Decision.” The document outlines the agreements reached and commitments made, serving as a reference for countries as they implement their climate pledges and highlighting the importance of accountability in the negotiation process.

Milestones 

Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty adopted in 1997 under the UNFCCC, committing its parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in recognition of the reality of global warming and the role of human-made carbon dioxide emissions. It established legally binding targets for developed countries, aiming for an overall reduction of 5.2% below 1990 levels during the first commitment period from 2008 to 2012.

To support compliance, the Protocol introduced flexibility mechanisms such as emissions trading, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and Joint Implementation (JI), enabling countries to meet their targets in a cost-effective manner. It also acknowledged the principle of differentiated responsibilities, emphasizing that developed countries have a greater obligation to reduce emissions due to their historical contributions to climate change. Additionally, the Protocol mandated that parties monitor and report their emissions, ensuring both transparency and accountability.

While the Kyoto Protocol represented a significant advancement in international climate policy and set the stage for future agreements like the Paris Agreement, it encountered challenges, including the withdrawal of key emitting countries and the need for broader involvement from developing nations.

Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. It was adopted by 196 Parties at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris, France, on December 12, 2015 and entered into force in November 2016.

The agreement united nations in a shared commitment to limit global warming to “well below 2C” above pre-industrial levels, with an aspirational goal of limiting the temperature increase to 1.5C. It emphasizes the need for nations to enhance their capacity to adapt to climate change and build resilience. Additionally, the Paris Agreement underscores the importance of aligning financial flows with low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development, ensuring that funding supports sustainability and mitigates climate risks.

Central to the agreement is the obligation for all parties to submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), detailing their specific plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve climate resilience. The agreement follows a five-year cycle, prompting countries to regularly review and enhance their commitments over time.

Check out our book review ‘Landing the Paris Agreement’ By Todd Stern.

What Happened at COP28?

At the last UN climate summit held in Dubai, countries reached an unprecedented agreement, the first in the history of COPs to explicitly call for “transitioning away” from fossil fuels. The deal addresses a range of critical issues, including climate finance, adaptation, food security, and gender. 

On the first day of COP28, countries reached an agreement to operationalize the Loss and Damage Fund, which was initially established at COP27. The fund is designed to provide financial support specifically to vulnerable nations in the Global South for the losses and damage they incur because of climate change.  This initiative aims to address the urgent needs of these countries, helping them to recover and adapt to the ongoing effects of climate change.

COP28 marked a historic milestone with the first Global Stocktake (GST), a thorough evaluation of nations’ progress toward their climate goals. Recognized as a key outcome of the summit, the GST encompassed all negotiated elements and provided a foundation for countries to enhance their climate action plans, which they are required to update and make available by 2025.

The stocktake underscored the scientific consensus that global greenhouse gas emissions need to be reduced by 43% by 2030 compared to 2019 levels to limit global warming to 1.5C as set in the Paris accord. It revealed that countries were not on track to meet the targets and called for urgent collective action on a global scale to triple renewable energy capacity and double improvements in energy efficiency by 2030.

More on the topic: Did COP28 Succeed or Fail?

Future of COP

Despite the significance of COPs, the conferences face several notable challenges that will impact their future. The effectiveness of negotiations is often hindered by differences in political will between developed and developing countries. Even when agreements are successfully made, the challenges of ensuring compliance and effective implementation persist. Additionally, securing adequate financial support for developing nations to adapt to climate change and transition sustainable practices remains a challenge. 

The next two years are crucial. 

At COP29, governments must establish a new climate finance goal that reflects the scale and urgency of the climate crisis. Central to the discussions will be the emphasis on fostering international cooperation. The Baku summit will prioritize financial strategies to mobilize the trillions of dollars necessary for climate change mitigation and adaptation, providing nations with an opportunity to reassess their financial commitments and set new targets. 

By COP30, governments need to present updated nationally determined contributions (NDCs) that are comprehensive, encompass all greenhouse gases, and align with the 1.5C temperature limit.

Follow our COP29 coverage.

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